Benedict XVI

A great leader does not impose perfection at all times. Leaders also have their shortcomings to their people but on top of that, they continue to pursue their passion which Is to serve those people who believed in them. However, not all leaders are measured through their greatness. Some will be remembered because of their humility. Don't you think It's great If someone will humbly give up power knowing they can not anymore serve their people better? One can not be truly great If he does not know how to humble down himself before God. Sounds familiar?It Is our former pope, Joseph Radiating popularly known as Pope Benedict XVI. He might not be as popular as Pope John Paul II was or our present Pope Francis but he contributed great things not Just to Catholic church but to our faith as Catholics. Pope Benedict Wig's papacy testifies to a churchman of scholarship and pastoral sensitivity. He has a reputation as a theological conservative, taking uncompromising positions on homosexuality, women priests and contraception's. He espouses Christian compassion- speaking out for human rights, protection of the environment ND the fight against poverty and injustice.The central theme of his papacy has been his defense of fundamental Christian values in the eave of what he sees as moral. He always believed that the strengths of the church came from an absolute truth that does not bend with the winds. â€Å"If John Paul II had not been Pope, he would have been a movie star; if Benedict had not been Pope, he would have been a university professor†, wrote US Vatican expert John L. Allen. Benedict was described by those who know him as ladybird, with a mild and humble manner, but a strong moral core.Pope Benedict went through a to of controversies during his reign resulting in decline in numbers of priests being recruited and millions of Catholics went against the church. Public relations for him was not a big factor. It was one of his weaknesses. He has never publicly gi ven his own version of events. Even though a lot of people was disappointed for him being so traditional, he remained with the truth. He was not open to Casting modernization and intransigent on priestly celibacy and contraception's. He tried his best to obtain a church which is one with other religions but he was misunderstood.His speeches turned to be an offense to all Muslims and Protestants. As a result, he received a lot of criticisms e. G. That his resignation was due to his conversion to Islam. It turned out to be a disgrace for the Catholic church. Despite all of that, his supporters believed that was exactly why he was the man to lead the church through such challenging times. Pope Benedict XVI was a mild and humble pope. As a religious leader, faith Is what you bring to people. Our Lord Jesus became the symbol of faith through Pope Benedict. The teachings Jesus made remained during his papacy.He Just wants us to stick to these teachings because these traditional teachings are what truly mold our faith. Benedict XVI By tyrosine's which is to serve those people who believed in them. Remembered because of their humility. Don't you think it's great if someone will can not be truly great if he does not know how to humble down himself before God. Sounds familiar? It is our former pope, Joseph Radiating popularly known as Pope Benedict WI. He might not be as popular as Pope John Paul II was or our present Pope Benedict XVI was a mild and humble pope. As a religious leader, faith is what

Leadership of Howard Schultz Essay

† Howard Schultz for President? â€Å". Howard Schultz, who is a founder & CEO of Starbucks has showing concern about the future of Americans. His recent activities including boycott the political donations, until Washington, D. C coming up with some â€Å"real effort† to reduce the debt ceiling. Disappointing with the U. S political leaders as they failing to act appropriately while America’s confidence is faltered. By looking at the past, the Starbucks CEO has indeed achieved a remarkable milestone, from a sales person in Xerox Corporation in 1979 and to today, a massive green giant astonishing leader. All this footprint certainly is not coincidence or miracles. In the past, economy volatility, US recession, consumer demand instability struck his business beyond all recognition. Despite all this pitfalls, this premium coffee maker able to embrace the resistance and continue serving quality coffee every corner till today. Looking at his context ,all these demonstrates that his business understands the concept of â€Å"ostrich syndrome†, meaning by burying their head in the sand when facing criticism. And such, Howard now challenge the leadership style adopted by the U.  S government by not hearing the heart of the Americans. The question here is, â€Å"Can his leadership style fit perfectly in the political field†? Many critics claimed this is total different ball game, not just about coffee bean. As Howard apparently lack of political experience, this has put his entrepreneur leadership into challenge. Howard’s leadership however substantiated by evidences, well, at least from business perspectives. In his business history , this captain well aware that customer response and satisfaction is the best business performance thermostat. But to achieve this corporate desire , will require tremendous effort, starting from top management down to every barista in Starbucks. In such circumstances, to him, everything matters, and this is not something hard to observe. This modern leadership are well played by Howard and his team throughout Starbucks business. Sourcing from Joseph Michelli- Starbucks experience, â€Å"this coffee business having the capability of motivating people through powerful, emotionally engaging visions and reconciling the people needs around their organization†. Starbucks management has even establish a Mission Review Committee that govern leadership behaviors and ensure commitment by their partners by listening their concern. They makes a point of listening and responding to the ideas and suggestions of partners. Clearly, Howard adopt â€Å"Situational Leadership† here, whereby attend the perception of the followers and to indicate how efforts directed towards wider organizational goals could align with calculations of follower self-interest. His leadership style, changes our perspectives towards leadership. Is the U. S President not doing sufficiently to address the needs of his people? Don’t get me wrong. Both also are transformational leaders, is just that Howard Schultz is practicing authentic leadership, this largely due to his father losing jobs because of medical problems, since then he became passionate about a company’s need to care for its employees. On the flip side, President Obama has proved to be a very good Senate majority leader by convening committees to do the work and intervening at the end. One of this strength is tends to see issues from several vantage points at once, so maybe it is natural that he favors a process that involves negotiating and fudging between different points of view. But particular in this debt ceiling settlement, he seems to be passive. Further from the above, so what setback is facing by the President? According to the award winning author, John Kotter, in his book â€Å"Our Iceberg is melting†, somewhat is similar to President Obama of failure in producing short-term wins. Failure in creating some visible, unambiguous successes to his fellow Americans all these while. This eventually causing Americans losing faith and trust in his leadership. This weakness of President Barrack Obama allowing Howard Schultz leadership ability become more prominence. Howard now ultimate intention is to create more job opportunities inside U. S, which he believe will turn things around. This similar challenge faced by all the leaders around the world, no exception of the increasing unemployment rate in my country. In my opinion, to resuscitate the economy, unparallel creative leadership style is needed. Perfect example from Sternberg’s propulsion model of creative leadership, â€Å"Re-initiation† leadership style, â€Å"whereby a leap in the dark from the familiar to meet perceived opportunity, and findings ways of removing constraints to uplift current country economic condition†. This is certainly not easy. Especially the effort of satisfying the needs of millions citizen in Malaysia. Perhaps, respective leaders need to learn from the green giant leader on how to â€Å"surprise and delight† like what he did to his Starbucks customer. This is what we hope from our leaders, an effort to put a smile on everyone’s face.

Letter from Birmingham, Martin Luther King Jr.

Just Arguments in the Battle against Segregation â€Å"If I have said anything in this letter that overstates the truth and indicates an unreasonable impatience, I beg you to forgive me. If I have said anything that understates the truth and indicates my having patience, I beg God to forgive me† (King 301). Martin Luther King Jr. writes an argumentative letter defending demonstrations against segregation. While serving eight days in prison for participating in protests in Birmingham, King writes his famous â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† (293).King is effective at arguing his case because he provides counter arguments, gives many examples of real life situations, and reflects on statements made. King begins by providing background and explaining the true purpose of non-violent direct-action demonstrations. In the letter, King refutes the arguments made by clergy, which were untimely action, breaking laws, direct-actions precipitate violence, extremist, and commended police. King explains that he traveled to Birmingham to participate in non-violent protest against segregation, stating â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere† (289).King responds to the clergy by saying, â€Å"your statement†¦ fails to express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations† (289). King continues by explaining the four basic steps of non-violent direct-action, which are: â€Å"collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self purification; and direct-action† (290). While providing great detail on the situation and steps taken, King continues to build his argument against the statements made by the clergy. The first statement was that the action taken in Birmingham was untimely.In the letter, King provides great details about the planning and execution of the demonstration, which shows that much thought was placed on the timing of the protest and explained that it was, in fact, not untimely. King uses a very effective method to evoke personal feelings by writing a long list of heart-throbbing experiences of Negro people during segregation (289-292). Next, King refutes the second statement that demonstrators break laws. King explains that â€Å"there are two types of laws: just and unjust† (293). King’s reflecting help the reader understand his arguments (293-294).The third statement from the clergy says the direct-actions precipitate violence. King states he does not advocate breaking the law. However, â€Å"[King] submit[s] that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law† (294). The fourth statement is condemning the actions in Birmingham as extreme. King counters by providing examples where extreme measures were taking to right an injustice, such as with Abe Lincoln and freeing the slaves (296-297).Finally, King addresses how the clergy commended the police force for keeping order. King responds with examples during the demonstrations in which the police acted inhumane (300-301). By providing considered and well formulated arguments, King is effective at arguing his case against segregation. King addresses any possible counter arguments on his stance and does so in great detail. By reflecting on statements made, King allows the reader to fully understand his arguments and point of view. The â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is an excellently structured argumentative letter against segregation.

WK 2 PS240 Evolutionary Psychology Research Paper

WK 2 PS240 Evolutionary Psychology - Research Paper Example unique from the next culture, yet many traits and behaviors are still present in all of them, which leads evolutionary psychologists to believe that these traits and behaviors simply evolve throughout all humans over the course of time. Natural selection is one of the most touched upon subjects in evolutionary psychology as it contains the most evidence that human instinct is indeed evolutionary; natural selection is also a vital component to evolution. Natural selection refers to the non-random, progressive â€Å"process by which biological traits become either more or less general in a population as a function of differential reproduction (Buss, 2003).† The prevalence - or gradual disappearance - of specific traits over time reveals how humans either increase their dependency for a trait or decrease their dependency based on their environment. When human beings alter their behavior and actions to help them survive, those changes gradually become more regular in a population over successive generations. An example of natural selection as it relates to evolutionary psychology is the human body’s adaptive response of fear. An evolutionary behavior is defensive responses when human beings are subjected to various types of fear-inducing incidences. During environmental extremes, such as dangerous weather, the fear that is felt by humans allows them to behave protectively and to seek shelter. The fear that arises when an individual is faced with a loss of territory or material resources keeps the individual on guard for further threats, as well as prompts them to monitor and protect what remaining resources that they have. These behavioral traits, as a result of evolution and natural selection, have been hereditarily passed down from generation to generation because they have proven to be useful to the survival of human

IT Governance and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

IT Governance and Law - Essay Example CRM or Customer Relationship Management is the process whereby all the information relative to a customer linked to an organization is properly catered. This is done mainly with the help of information systems. Proper handling of information relative to customers is the key to the prosperity of any organization. The processing of customer related information such that it becomes the center of the information flow of any organization is the core responsibility of the Customer Relationship arena or CRM. Traditional CRM systems have been promoting the business arena for a number of years now. Benefitting from their services organizations have also evolved with the increasing technological advancements. The way CRM systems have incorporated with the emerging phenomenon of Cloud Computing and what the implications of such incorporation may be are integral need of the day discussions. The report is aimed such that the relativeness of CRM systems is narrated first as an introductory term an d then as a discussion evaluating the significance of the conventional old systems and the new cloud incorporated systems. Figure 1: Customer Relationship Management. ... omized particularly to each business’ needs CRM systems not only manage data but also result in the overall analysis and prosperity of sales figures. CRM for Investment broker? The main services that a Retail brokerage firm offers are collectively termed as Wealth Management Services. These include coverage of stock trading for individual investors, investments in different mutual funds and other financial products like insurance products. They also offer advisory services to strengthen their relationship with their customers. A new class of customer relationship managers has emerged that focused specially the business of offering financial services. Due to this development it is extremely essential for the Retail brokerages to opt for a sophisticated and proven Customer Relationship Management system in order to achieve better productivity, customer satisfaction and yield. What is cloud? The term cloud has become much prevalent nowadays. The cloud, in common words, may be ref erred to as a collective pool of resources which can be accessed by multiple users. The usage of the resources on the cloud is often associated with the authorizations given to the users but as per need the resources may be made publically accessible as well. The core concept of cloud, in a formal definition narrated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) the organization terms cloud as: A model that provides accessibility to a set of resources being made available in the form of a pool. The resources are linked to network access of the on-demand type, which is being provided with suitability. The examples of the shared computing resources may be networks, storage areas, services, applications and servers etc. These readily available resources are available with very little

Web 2.0 And Enterprise 2.0 Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Web 2.0 And Enterprise 2.0 Concepts - Essay Example The report then shifts its focus to the potential advantages and disadvantages that organizations employing these concepts might experience. The tools and platforms that apply Web 2.0 and Enterprise 2.0 like blogs and wikis are discussed in the next section before conclusion and recommendation is made. History of Web 2.0 and Enterprise 2.0 Concepts Today, it is hard to imagine that the concepts of web 2.0 and enterprise 2.0 concepts have been in existence for less than two decades. Official use of the term ‘Web 2.0’ can be traced back in 2004 when it was used in a discussion on potential future conference about the Web by Dale Dougherty (Anderson 5). Through use of the term, the team sought to capture the sense that even with the boom of dot-com and consequent bust, the Web was at the time still playing a key role due to continued new and exciting sites and applications that were popping up at a surprisingly regular periods (O’Reilly 1). On the other hand, enterpr ise 2.0 is the conception of using different services and tools that apply Web 2.0 technology including ratings, RSS, networking and sharing in the perspective of the enterprise. "Enterprise 2.0" as a new term in computing was created by Andrew McAfee of Harvard Business School (Lennon 1). Additionally, as part of Enterprise 2.0, it is common for most organizations in the world to include corporate blog publications on their Web sites. Such organizations then invite their clients and potential customers to post comments and discuss the published content. Likewise, many corporations are making enterprise wikis that are viewed and it is also possible for anyone to edit (McAfee 1). There is an intertwined relationship between Web 2.0 and Enterprise 2.0. The two models are not the same but are two concepts built on related foundations. Ideally, Web 2.0 labels the shift in computer application from singular and static media to a more community-oriented interactive and dynamic social medi a (Lennon 2). Lennon exemplifies this shift through the popularity of that blogosphere gas experienced in the past few years. Further the author defends this view by highlighting the fact that blogs have existed for a longer time than the term Web 2.0, but that these blogs are one of the best examples of what Web 2.0 is all about. Prior to blogs, people used to publish static pages personal Web sites. Such information did not provide for interactions between people which led to information becoming dated and useless in a short time. Then came the connection between Web 2.0 and blogging platforms that includes Moveable Type, Word Press, and Blogger that has the allowance for creation of, first, pages for biographical information that can be updated easily, and second, posts for writing articles and expressing opinions (Lennon 2). According to Lennon, Enterprise 2.0 vision of blogging is slightly different from that of Web 2.0. The author opines that corporate blogs are usually multi- user that includes multiple writers and contributors, or a platform having many different blogs, that are each owned by different individuals in the organization. Additionally, corporate blogging is not necessarily an extension of concept that was available before. Previously, companies posted employee bios on their Web sites yet were often not managed by the employees of the company. Thus, Blogging as we know it today is an avenue for employees to express their views on the goods and services that they are still working on and also interacting with the public on new ideas to make these goods and services better (3) Advantages of Appling Web 2.0 and Enterprise 2.0Concepts into Organizational Practice Web 2.0 and Enter

The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman Essay - 2

The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman - Essay Example or about the value, limitations, and ethical implications of ethnography as a way of making sense of social conduct, for instance – in your personal and professional roles? The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman is one of the modern classics in the medical anthropology genre. Tracing the immigration and the challenges of assimilation of a Hmong family into the USA, the book is admirable on many counts. Firstly, for medical professionals, it offers valuable insights into the symptoms, treatment options and overall management of epilepsy in children. Second, it presents the unique challenges faced by health care professionals in a multi-cultural environment. Third, the book documents the broader details of Hmong ethnography, adopting classical anthropological approaches. The rest of the essay will elaborate these features, as well as noting the personal and professional impact the book has had upon the writer. The central dialectic in the book is how the shaman istic animism followed by the Hmong conflicts with the rationality of Occidental medicine. While the cultural heritage of the Hmong is rich and colourful, it betrays its superstitious underpinnings when juxtaposed with modern scientific knowledge and advancement. In other words, in light of our overall increase in the knowledge of the world, much of the Hmong beliefs appear mythical. In the classic case of conflict illustrated in The Spirit Catches You, we see how Hmong culture is markedly at odds with modern science.

Discussing Public Administration Select Committee, Service Committee, Assignment

Discussing Public Administration Select Committee, Service Committee, Human Rights Act of 1998 - Assignment Example The Standards and Privileges Committee investigated claims that Peter Mandelson – the then Secretary of State for Trade and Industry – had contravened the individual ministerial responsibility by receiving a loan of  £373,000 from Geoffrey Robinson – the then Paymaster General of the Treasury. This case was exacerbated by claims that Robbinson had been involved in financial misconduct that Mandelson had overlooked. The committee presented its findings in which they found that Mandelson had erred and violated the ministerial responsibility. The Public Administration Select Committee conducted a review of Jo Moore, special adviser to Stephen Byers – the then Transport Secretary –, conduct in making public sensitive government information. In addition to Moore resigning, Byers was also asked to resign since he was Moore’s immediate supervisor thereby creating a situation in which he (Myers) had contravened the ministerial responsibility. For that matter, they determined that Myers, as the secretary in charge of the ministry, was liable for the official conduct of his immediate subordinates. The Public Administration Select Committee sought to determine whether Ministers were accountable for their special advisor's actions. There sitting was necessitated by repeated incidences of government officials engaging in unbecoming conduct – as set by the ministerial responsibility – for which it was difficult to determine whether the cabinet secretaries, as their boss, were liable. The report referred to the Public Service Committee, Ministerial Accountability and Responsibility (HC 1996-97, 313) report to determine that in addition to constitutional accountability, cabinet secretaries were also personally responsible and liable for the conduct of the immediate personnel.

Corporate Finance FE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate Finance FE - Essay Example It is of note that only the long-term operating assets are incorporated in the calculation for the NOWC but not the short-term investments to be considered as the operating working capital because these short term investments are assumed to be interest bearing securities that to an extent do not directly finance or result from the operations of the Widget Corporation. 2. Seven years ago ABC Inc. issued a series of $1,000 bonds (i.e. Par = $1,000) @ 10% compounded semiannually for a term of 30 years. Additionally, the bonds are callable with a call premium of two coupon payments. Today, the market rate is 10% and each single bond is trading for $844.76. If ABC Inc. wants to raise new debt today, what would be ABC’s marginal cost of debt? Assume no significant change in ABC’s bond rating. Supposing there is no substantial alteration in the ABC’s bond rating means that today’s market bond rate is the same as market rate at the issuance time of the bond, thus the bond trades at par value ($ 1,000). The rate 12% calculated shows the market rate of the bond at present. Remember the present bond value is $ 844.76. The 12% rate represents the Yield To Maturity and therefore is a good estimation figure for the marginal cost of debt. 3. Considering Stand Alone Risk and the calculation of the Coefficient of Variation (CV), you are to develop a series of at least five historical returns for a financial asset and from these returns you are to calculate the CV for this financial asset. 4. You are bearing in mind making an investment in form of a project. The initial cost (I0) equals $1,200. In return for this initial outlay, you will own the rights to three future cash flows: CF1 = $300, CF2 = $400, and CF3 = $500. First, if the appropriate discount rate for this investment is 12%, what is the NPV for this project? Second, what discount rate would

Issues of Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Issues of Gender - Essay Example However, there is a lack of assistance and confidence among the men. As stipulated by Russell Sander’s essay on power/gender roles, women help each other and do not want to undertake their duties without seeking the ideas of their colleagues. Additionally, Russell Sanders argues that women views men as selfish creatures, since they are not focused on sharing their joy and privileges with women. Women determination and strong desire to succeed are vital aspects that, according to Russell Sanders, contribute to their perception that men enjoy more privileges. For example, college women want to share the power that their fathers once had. Despite the focus of women on becoming successful, gender disparities deterred them to get higher position at working place (Connell 19). Russell Sanders argues that most of the top managers are men who are served by female secretaries and female nurses. Despite the wide range of household chores that women undertake, in the last decades high nu mber of cases that depicted women bullying was reported in many regions globally. In 2012, women have attained political, economic, social, as well as scientific progress that has made them to achieve equal status and equal rights. Political Progress One of the major aspects that have contributed to the success of women in the current political scene is the increment on the number of female legislators in various parliaments world wide. In this way, the issues that affect women are widely discussed, thus, reducing the brutality and discrimination that hindered their development in the last century. For example, in the Nordic region women form 42 per cent of the legislators in the lower house (Fenstermaker and West 57). Other regions that have increased women representation in the law making organs of the government include America, Europe and the OECD countries. One of the major implications of increased women representational quota according to IPU survey is that they act as parlia mentary propellers of gender equality and development. As a result, there is freedom as a key indicator that is used by contemporary economists to measure the development of a country. Similarly, increased women participation in debates has resulted in improvement of women rights as compared to the last centuries when women rights attracted insignificant notice. Economic Progress The extensive campaign to curb gender discrimination in the work places and the adoption of affirmative action in the developed and developing countries has resulted in the increase of the number of female employees. Globally, more than 800 million women are engaged in economic activities. Through engaging in small enterprises, manufacturing and agricultural services women have significantly enhanced the GDP of many countries. This has caused respect from men and support from government and financial institutions. Even though the lack of adequate skills and access to financial resources is a major challenge affecting women in the developing countries, international community, including the UN, has initiated many forums that seek to improve the accessibility of financial resources for women. Canada is one of the regions that has implemented economic strategies to assist women to be economically productive. Through Canada International Development Agency, women organizations, such as Pakistan Mukhtara Mau, have benefited from various training programs on human rights and women economic empowerment. The strategies adopted by USAID in training women are other significant aspects that have contributed to women economic progress. For example, USAID has initiated trainings that are focused at meeting gender based targets in countries, such as Bangladesh, Kenya and Peru.

MOVEO folding electric scooter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

MOVEO folding electric scooter - Essay Example 2013). When folded, the scooter assumes a shape not bigger than a suitcase and this makes it easy to even be transported by cars. The main objective of designing this scooter is to ensure that we have environmental friendly operating mode of transport that is affordable (Monika 2013). The core material used in manufacturing of this scooter is carbon fiber build with an organic shape design (Monika 2013). When it comes to technicality, the Moveo scooter can manage speed limit of 35 to 45 km/h since it has an in-build electrical motor with wheels with a battery that lasts over a distance of 35 km (Monika 2013). Notable to mention is the fact that the scooter takes only one hour of charging (Monika. 2013). With this information and after the piloting success, this Hungarian company scheduled for mass production to commence in the year 2014. The costing price for the scooter will be $2000 for the first year with likelihood of prices reducing in the subsequent years (Monika 2013). It is for the above stated objectives that the Antro Group Company required a marketing communication plan for 12 months which will aid in marketing and thereafter selling of the electric scooters (Monika 2013). The marketing plan should incorporate marketing communication strategies and budget of not more than $5 million which is meant to facilitate the entire marketing process (Monika 2013). It should be noted that a successful marketing communication plan is one which integrates all marketing activities (Luther 1992). These are activities that relates to one another within the company’s departments which aims at surrounding the consumer without them knowing that they are being inundated with the conveyed message (Luther 1992). To this effect, the marketing communication plan must serve as the initial foundation of the business marketing plan (Luther 1992). Our vision as Antro Group Company is to provide to the people with alternative affordable mode of transport that

Examine Shakespeares presentation Essay Example for Free

Examine Shakespeares presentation Essay When Hamlet was first performed in 1601, England had been successfully ruled for forty-three years by Elizabeth I, a strong and influential monarch who reigned without a male counterpart, establishing England as one of the most powerful and prominent countries in the world. This is proof that women can be as successful as men; however women were still seen as second class citizens, and property of their husbands, during the Elizabethan period. Polonius says of Ophelia I have a daughter have while she is mine. (2.2, line 106). This is reflected in Shakespeares portrayal of women in Hamlet, which shows Gertrude in a very different light to Elizabeth Tudor. For many years in the past, many women played a small role socially, economically and politically. As a result of this, many works of literature of this time, including Hamlet, were reflective of this diminutive role of women. Shakespeare suggests the danger of womens involvement in politics at the sovereign level, and reflects the publics desire for a return to a state of stability through a change to a patriarchal system. We can examine Shakespeares presentation of women in Hamlet through the way the two women in the play, Gertrude and Ophelia, are treated by the men in their lives, and by analyzing the context in which they are referred. The first time Claudius refers to Gertrude he says: Our sometime sister, now our Queen, Th imperial jointress of this warlike state, (1. 2, lines 8-9) which shows how he took advantage of his dead brothers wife whilst she was still mourning her husbands death to settle his place on the throne. She married. O most wicked speed, to post, with such dexterity to incestuous sheets. (1.2, lines 156-157) Here Hamlet is accusing his mother of corruption because of her improper sexual activity and marriage. Even though a marital bond existed between Claudius and Gertrude, the rushed and incestuous aspects of the marriage enrage Hamlet. The couple were married less than three months after the death of Hamlets father, and in Hamlets eyes, Gertrudes actions have defiled her character. Royal sexual activity created concerns about both power and purity in the Elizabethan world. As women had no opportunity to fight on the battle field, chastity was the principle measure of their honour and virtue. Therefore Hamlets opinion of his mother has a negative reflection of a womans virtues. Sir Walter Mildway, 1510, said: Choose thy wife for virtue only. Elizabeths sexual conduct drew public attention, and she publicly vowed her purity, even adopting the title Virgin Queen. When King Hamlets ghost appears he refers to Gertrude as his most seeming-virtuous Queen. (1. 5, lines 4-6) He is expressing his belief that Gertrude had always seemed faithful, but now she has married much less of a man she has dishonoured him, and lost all his respect and trust. Even though Hamlet and his father are seeking revenge on Claudius, they continue to speak of Gertrude. In his second soliloquy we expect Hamlet to be expressing his hatred towards Claudius, however he is focusing all of his energy on this most pernicious woman, (1. 5, line 105) who is his mother. This dis-belief at his mothers behaviour is understandable, however, as it is so soon after his fathers death, and you would expect Gertrude to still be mourning the death of her husband that she apparently loved dearly. One of the most famous quotes regarding women in Hamlet is Frailty thy name is woman. (1. 2, lines 146-147) This quote sums up the attitudes of the male characters in the play, that women are by far the weaker sex and gives us a clue as to why the men treat Gertrude and Ophelia with so little respect. In 1558, writer, John Knox described women as weak, frail, impatient, feeble and foolish. Emphasizing the way that women were viewed at the time Hamlet was written. Both the women are greatly controlled by the men of the play, particularly Ophelia who is often told what to do and who has been treated as if she does not have a mind of her own all her life. When asked a question Ophelia often replies with I think nothing, (3. 2, line 118) and when she does express an opinion it is dismissed. Polonius says Affection? Pooh, you speak like a green girl unsifted, (1. 3, line 101) which is extremely patronizing, saying she speaks like an inexperienced and untried girl who does not know what she is talking about. Ophelia could have an out-going personality; however, she is so oppressed that we never get to see a true reflection of her character, due to the constraints of the society she is living in. We even hear Gertrude, the Queen of Denmark, saying to her husband: I shall obey you. By obeying the men and giving in to a passive existence Gertrude and Ophelia are living up to the label that women are the weaker sex. The men give good advice to both women, telling them what to do and when, Polonius tells Ophelia not to give her virginity away too easily when he uses the metaphor set you entreatments at a higher rate then a command to parley, (1. 3, lines 122-123) where her virginity is compared to a castle under siege. Even though Polonius is Ophelias father, he seems to have no respect for her, or her privacy, and rarely thinks of how she may be feeling. He reads Hamlets love letters out-loud to the King and uses Ophelia as bait to improve his image in front of Claudius, which is extremely self-centred and obsequious. Another quote that really stands out in Hamlet that shows how little respect the men have for Gertrude and Ophelia is Get thee to a nunnery. (3. 1, line 121) This is Hamlet telling Ophelia that because he can not have her, no one can, so she has to go to a nunnery, away from all other male contact. He does not ask her how she feels, and is willing to make the rest of her life miserable simply because he can not be with her. It never even occurs to Hamlet that she might be willing to move on and find someone other than him to spend the rest of her life with. After the nunnery scene, Ophelia speaks to Polonius and we hear her opinion for the first and only time. She presents herself entirely as the victim of Hamlets rough treatment. She says: I of ladies most deject and wretched, that sucked the honey of his musiked vows, (3.1, lines 158-159) showing how Ophelia had believed in what Hamlet told her and how she feels dejected about the fact that he claims to have never loved her. God has given you one face, and you make yourselves another, (3. 1, lines 145-146) is Hamlet saying that women wear too much make-up and in doing so are deceiving men into thinking that they are something that they are not. He accuses Ophelia of being a typical woman and is therefore not treating her as an individual. He says: For the power of beauty will sooner transform honesty from what it is bawd, (3.1, lines 111-112) explaining his opinion that beautiful women are untrustworthy and insincere. Even though Hamlet accuses women of this, he is saying it in the heat of an argument so he may be exaggerating and may not be giving his true opinion. Ophelia hardly says a think back to him though, again reflecting the idea that women are frail and passive. Throughout the play Hamlet makes reference to prostitutes, and seems to make a connection between women, sex and corruption. When Hamlet and Polonius are speaking he says: For if the sun breed maggots in a dead dog, being a good kissing carrion. (2. 2, lines 184-185) He uses this metaphor of a dead dog, and a pun on the word sun, to make the point that if the son (Hamlet) kisses the daughter (Ophelia) then she may breed, like the maggots in the dead animal. The characters of the play often refer to sex in a negative manner, and it is never described as a loving act between a couple. In Hamlets second soliloquy he is blaming himself, and compares himself to a slatternly woman saying that he must like a whore, unpack my heart with words, and fall a-cursing like a very drab, a stallion. (2.2, lines 592-594) His references to women are always negative, and he presents them as objects that men can use for sexual pleasure whenever they want. The final point to make about the way Shakespeare presents women is the fact that Ophelia is the only character driven to suicide, and that she is one of only two women in the play. This is possible another way for Shakespeare to make his point that women are by far the weaker sex. Audiences today would find the way that the women in Hamlet are treated extremely surprising as today women are so much more independent. Instead of being a husbands possession, a wife is seen as an equal. Women today have the freedom to be more open-minded, and are allowed to voice opinions other than their husbands. Women today have almost total sexual freedom as well, so the connection between women, sex and corruption would probably cause mixed reactions. This, however, also brings me to the point that even though Shakespeares presentation of women is negative, so is his presentation of men. He shows the men being insensitive, selfish, oppressive and shows them treating women with very little respect. Frailty thy name is woman, no longer applies to the women of the 21st Century as there are more or less equal opportunities for men and women now, and everyone has the same education and job opportunities no matter what sex you may be. I think that this quote sums up Shakespeares overall presentation of women and the treatment of Gertrude and Ophelia shows us how women were oppressed, and often seen as objects rather than human beings.

The Epic Portraits Of Eve English Literature Essay

The Epic Portraits Of Eve English Literature Essay Renaissance literature has a wide range of genres with an assortment of sonnets, plays, epic poetry and more; however, the meaning lying within the stories is what catches the readers attention. In some, it is about desiring a woman or man who is unattainable or has a hidden political meaning, both of which can tell the reader about the time period. One of the greatest and most curious themes or characters portrayed is Eve from the book of Genesis. With Eve, the author can take a religious stand point of how it was a womans fault mankind fell to evil or it could pertain to womens roles within society. Either way it is looked at there is a further meaning which can be deceived as to how the authors of certain works look at society or the societal standards of the time. In Aemilia Lanyers Eves Apology in Defense of Women and John Miltons Paradise Lost, they convey two different yet intriguing views of women both relating back to the way in which Eve in the Book of Genesis is described. In a quick summary, Adam and Eve were forbidden to eat the fruit off of the Tree of Life and Eve was the first to create this sin, but is it really her fault the situation occurred? In Eves Apology in Defense of Women by Aemilia Lanyer, Lanyer produces an excuse as to why women are sinful through Eves character relating her primary sin back to eating from the garden. Eve is the first women on Earth who gave birth to all the children on Earth and is the main role model for women. Lanyer describes Eve as innocent and unknowledgeable. She was made simply good because God made her that way, therefore; through Him she does not know any better (Lanyer, ll. 21). Eve being unknowledgeable wanted to know more and was extremely curious. She was easily deceived or misled by the snake that was Satan in disguise because of her curiosity and ate from the forbidden tree for knowledge sake not out vengeance or direct violation. However, Lanyer points out that Adam, representation of all men, ate the fruit out of pure pleasure and therefore, directly disobeys God out of selfishness (Lanyer, ll. 53). Therefore, through curiosity Eve was pressured into finding out more in the life she was living. Further on in the poem, Lanyer reinforces that Eve was made from Adam as a result, the source of evil comes from and resides in him as well (Lanyer, ll. 65-66). Lanyer is continually trying to show man that women are not the problem in society but that it is man. She sees man as creating the greatest sin, pointing out that man had betrayed Gods son through crucifixion out of pure wickedness and deceit. However, Eve was an innocent mistake and through an individuals weakness not all women should be held accountable for her mistake because lessons can be learned (Lanyer, ll. 73-77, 85-88). Eves Apology in Defense of Women is a way for Lanyer to defend all women through defending Eves mistake by comparing it to the greater malice which man has done over the centuries. It seems as if Lanyer is asking how you can possibly blame Eve when it is mans fault for executing the Savior and is that not alone the worse crime? This poem illustrates the feminist view defending womens rights and fight ing for an overall equality for women in society through Eves story. Eve, as presented through Lanyer, is just a woman that was misled by man and is continually being punished for her mistake. However, through John Miltons perspective Eve is a woman unequal to man and for that she is in her rightful place. John Milton first introduces Adam and Eve through Satans perspective. This perspective is a first impression of the characters and how they are perceived by other beings. Satan first describes that they are lords of all, meaning that they are above all other creatures within this paradise (Milton, b. 4; ll. 290). The description goes further into stating that the two individuals are however, not equal in sex (Milton, b. 4; ll. 296). It relates back to the fact that women come second to men and answer to them, therefore; giving men a higher status than women. Eve is further described as being soft, sweet, and gracefully attractive compared to Adam and only serves God through Adam and by his word (Milton, b. 4; ll. 298-299). Furthermore, Eves complete appearance is described as naturally beautiful with a slender waist, natural golden hair that made her seem untidy yet prom iscuous, she yields to Adam, but seems modest sweet and reluctant (Milton, b. 4; ll. 304-311). Although, she seems to be a wanted and willing woman, Eve is still curious and capable of wondering onto the wrong path with her lack of knowledge. As the story progresses, Eve does not seem to enhance her role in Miltons work but continues a downfall in character. Continuing in book 4 lines 449-491, Eve begins to describe her awakening to Adam. She describes it as waking up under a covering of flowers within the shade and that she wonders amongst the gardens territory. In other words, she is born in darkness by a veil of beauty. It than explains that she is a wonderer which could be a foreshadowing event that there is evil in her and that there is a possibility of her getting on the wrong path falling to deceit. She finds a lake and appearing into it sees her reflection which memorizes her. She makes the comment that she was startled by it at first but then was pleased by it. Upon its return she was delighted, thus showing she was entranced by her own beauty in vain desire. She later admits that God speaks to her telling her that it is her reflection that she sees but he never presents himself to her unlike he does when Adam aw akens. Milton compares Eves turning back to her reflection to the myth of Eurydice explaining that if she were to turn back to her image she would be drowned in despair and anguish. Eve is easily compelled by her beauty and seen as being vain however; Satan does not succeed when trying to persuade her this way (Milton, b. 9; ll. 216). However, later she was easily swayed by Satan because he was able to make her feel equal to Adam and connecting her directly to God (Milton, b. 9; ll. 538-548). She is filled with narcissistic pleasure through herself not needing Adam anymore; without the connection to Adam she feels free to do whatever, including eat from the tree. In fear of death and Adam finding someone else like her, Eve tells Adam about eating from the garden. Adam than eats the fruit as well so Eve does not have to go down alone in consequence (Milton, b. 9; ll. 830-833). John Milton perceives Eve to being superficial and easily swayed. He does not place any good implications on her character making her out to be one of the villains but main characters of the story. Eve through Milton acts as a representation of women during his time period. While both Lanyer and Milton use Eve as a main character who is seen as unknowledgeable, curious, and swindled, they use her to tell two completely different stories with completely different meanings. Lanyer is compelled to use Eve as a reason for why women are treated unequally and how man is the problem creating the most malevolence. However, Milton is showing that women are unequal for multiple good reasons, one dealing with vanity consuming them and being unable to follow order. Each provides a viewpoint of that time period on how women were perceived and how sex roles played a huge part in society. Renaissance literature is able to take religious, political, and social standards and twist them in a way that the reader is able to gather an understanding of what life was like during that century. Aemilia Lanyer and John Milton took to describing their societies through the character of Eve in two different ways which were extremely compelling.

The True Measure of a Man :: Goodness Ethics Morals Essays

The True Measure of a Man Being a good person is something that everyone strives to do. For most, it is a subconscious thing we do. For others being a good person is a way of life, not just a superficial â€Å"look at me and what I do,† but a deep spiritual understanding that everything one does in their daily life is beneficial to others around that person. For starters, one must define the words good and bad. Dictionary.com’s definition of a good person is â€Å"a person who is good to other people.† Its definition for a bad person is â€Å"a person who does harm to others.† Both of these are vague so one must venture into the definitions of the words good and bad. The definition found at www.dictionary.com for the word good is, â€Å"Socially correct, proper, beneficial to others, valid or effectual under the law, characterized by honesty and fairness.† The definition of bad is, â€Å"Not achieving an adequate standard, evil, sinful, unfavorable, having undesirable or negative qualities.† It seems as if the public has determined the meaning of good and bad to be whatever they want it to mean. This paper is going to use good and bad in relation to people; where good is benefiting someone, and bad is hindering someone. In the story of Robin Hood, Robin begins his life as a law abiding citizen. After his father is killed, the sheriff of Nottingham denies him his father’s place as a ranger. He is coerced into killing a deer in front of a large group of lawmen, making him a criminal. From that point in the story Robin becomes a member of the Sherwood men. These men do not just live in Sherwood Forest; they take a toll from anyone who is passing through the forest. All of these men are deemed outlaws by the local sheriff, and his military. By being pronounced as outlaws, it makes them bad people who break the laws. From a different point of view, they might be outlaws but they chose that life because they were breaking unjust laws. They as a group agreed to break any law they thought was unjust and unfair to the people of England, while pledging full allegiance to the king of England. In a public view these people were bad men, but one who came to know then could see them as good men wh o wanted the best for England and all of its people.

The Sniper :: essays research papers

War is a very controversial dilemma, which could be solved in an orderly fashion rather then a callous disaster where young men and women die. This cataclysmic story takes place in a short story written by Liam O'Flaherty, the story takes place in Dublin, Ireland during the 1920's where a Republican sniper is involved with a terrible accident. He suffers dramatic injury to the soul and heart when someone that he loves dearly is shot. The story's theme is intensified through situational irony, which shows the pointlessness of armed conflict. Unexpected senseless occurrences happen when situational irony comes to effect. Like the time the Republican sniper unnecessarily lights up a smoke, which glows and shows his location on a rooftop; the irony unexpectedly occurs when an old lady whom is a spy descries the Republican sniper. This incident is ironic because one doesn't expect for an old lady to be a spy because old crumbly elders can barely move. This shows that the sniper commits such an imprudent occasion as to light up a smoke, which could have gotten him killed right on the spot. Many other ironic moments take place such as the time a free state sniper was in a armored truck, which is basically like a tank, and he gets out of the his cage and then gets capped. This is ironic because why would someone do something as foolish as getting out of protection and giving himself a death wish, which concludes why war is pointless because all that’s going to happen is doom. This also shows that war is needless because all one is doing is hurting himself by killing a related specie. Furthermore, war can be even more ironic like the time when the Republican sniper unknowingly shoots his loved one, whom is his own brother. This is ironic because people usually that are family, don't have very many different beliefs. This also unveils that war is pointless and ironic because after a war everybody seems to regret what had happened. This short story was exposed in a way that shows how ironic and meaningless war and expresses the pain, sorrow, and agony one suffers caused by war. The theme of this story essentially illustrates a sequence of ironic occasions to impart a message that war is pointless. The first ironic event is the lighting of the glowing smoke and how it is abnormal that someone at an altitude so high can be seen with the tiny lighting of a cigarette.

Finance in Business :: Papers

Finance in Business For a business to be successful in the increasingly competitive business environment detailed financial plans and accounts must be drawn up and followed consistently. With so many financial demands placed on small it is vital that all cost are calculated and accounted for prior to the businesses start-up date, these costs are referred to as 'start up costs' Start Up Costs ============== Start-up costs are any payments that my business needs to make prior or opening. ==================================================================== [IMAGE] Rent of premises and equipment. [IMAGE] Wages of any employees ---------------------- Finance must be supplied for any form of ongoing advertising campaigns or sales promotion techniques. [IMAGE] Utilities - gas, water and electricity need to be supplied to my business at all times [IMAGE] Maintenance of business premises, this could also include possible expansion of the business. [IMAGE][IMAGE] Examples of Running Costs businesses are subjected to. Some Star-Up costs also apply during the general running of the business as 'running costs'. Running Costs are payments that are made once the business has started trading. I shall now calculate how much the above costs will affect my business venture. I shall calculate firstly the start-up costs and then the running costs for a sample three-month period. In order to calculate costs effectively I shall design the outlay of my shop first. Designing the layout of my shop. When I began to design the layout of my shop I considered a number of potential problems and requirements, I came to the conclusion that the three most important requirements my shop needed were - * Hygiene * Appearance * Safety By applying serious thought and consideration I aim to solve these issues and be able to design a shop that is both efficient and appealing to customers. Hygiene The layout of the equipment I require in my shop has to allow for easy

Hiv/Aids in Africa Essay

Sub-Saharan Africa is the region of the world that is most affected by HIV/AIDS. The United Nations reports that an estimated 25.4 million people are living with HIV and that approximately 3.1 million new infections occurred in 2004. To put these figures in context, more than 60 percent of the people living with the infection reside in Africa. Even these staggering figures do not quite capture the true extent and impact that this disease causes on the continent. In 1998, about 200,000 Africans died as a result of various wars taking place on the continent. In that same year, more than 2 million succumbed to HIV/AIDS (Botchwey, 2000). The pandemic can be likened very much to the Bubonic Plague of the fourteenth century in terms of its killing ability. Both the Black Death and HIV/AIDS have wiped out a large proportion of the affected population. Until the AIDS pandemic, the world had not experienced a mass shrinking in their populations since the Black Death. However, unlike the Black Death, the pandemic has become much more than a health problem as it encompasses economic, social, political, psychological and cultural dimensions. (Arndt and Lewis, 2000) HIV/AIDS is so severe that it sends ripples to the edges of society, spreading its effects on families through communities to countries as a whole. Due to the fact that the pandemic is widespread in young and middle-aged adults the epidemic destroys the very core and nucleus of society as well as the foundation of the nation’s economy. The pandemic is not a disease for adults only as in 2005 alone, an estimated 2.3 million children globally were living with HIV (UNAIDS 2005). Hence, HIV/AIDS rids the continent of what is arguably its most important resource; human capital. This is especially true in locations exposed to rampant HIV prevalence rates. In such regions, the economic growth of the country is affected which makes the provision of highly needed social services more diffic ult. We realize that countries find themselves in this sadistic cycle, as by aggravating the already poor conditions individuals become more susceptible to the spread of HIV. The impact of AIDS may be felt as an immediate shock, as when a family loses a breadwinner, or in the case of a firm, an important employer leaves. However, at the national level the impact is felt as the gradual accrual of losses. The toll of HIV/AIDS on households can be very severe. Many families lose their bread winners. Many of those dying have surviving partners who are themselves infected and are in need of care. They leave behind children grieving and struggling to survive without the care of the parents. The disease strips the family assets further impoverishing the poor. In many cases, the presence of AIDS means that the household eventually dissolves, as the parents die and children are sent to relatives for care and upbringing. The gravity of the impact depends not only on the numbers infected and directly affected by the pandemic, but also on the resources available to manage the situation. This may be resources accessible at family, community or national level. The pandemic also has dire impacts on the demographics of a country. This impact is usually more difficult to assess as it is largely dependent on data from birth and death certificates, and health records, all of which are poor or almost non-existent in that part of the world. Due to this, life expectancy at birth has fallen, dramatically, and the population structure has changed shape eroding years of progress made by many African countries. This obviously has implications for growth. (World Bank, 2000) Despite its serious implications, however, original research on the impact of AIDS is scarce. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the level of human capital in Sub-Saharan Africa. The basic question surrounding this study is â€Å"Does HIV/AIDS have a negative impact on human capital accumulation†. We believe that it does have a negative impact on human capital accumulation as resources, effort, and time are diverted to attend to the various issues associated with the pandemic. In an attempt to answer this question, the study will specify human capital as primary school enrollment. We do this because this is the level of schooling at which an individual receives basic education. Basic education is the formal education deemed necessary for somebody to function properly in society. Development economists have regarded basic education as a priority for developing countries the benefits of which include reduction of disease through knowledge of hygiene and nutrition and better understanding of non-violent ways to solve problems. In this light, many African countries have implemented free universal basic education programs that aim at encouraging households to enroll their children in school. This is the primary way in which the impact of the pandemic may be offset. This is just one of the many dynamics of the issue of the HIV/AIDS and human capital.

Help in This Please *Urgent

3RTO Multiple Choice Test Section 1 3RTO: Resourcing Talent Question 1 Talent management looks at how an organisation uses the skills of its workforce in order to maintain competitive advantage. Which of the areas listed below would not be part of a talent management programme? Leadership development Recruitment and selection Succession planning Payroll processing Question 2 Talent management programmes can help motivate staff and make them more productive, which in turn benefits the organisation. One of the following benefits is imaginary, which is it?Able to develop skills with a career path in mind Organisations receive favourable tax incentives for implementing talent management programmes More motivation as the employer is supporting employee development The organisation is able to identify skills gaps in the workforce Question 3 Internal labour markets can often be the main source of future labour requirements from within an organisation. Which of the following IS NOT an exampl e of the use of an internal labour market? Promotion in an organisation In-house succession planning Company talent management schemes HeadhuntingQuestion 4 External labour markets provide labour solutions/appointments which are found from outside the organisation. From the list below select the example of the internal labour market solution. Selection from a national pool of candidates Redeployment Headhunting Relocation from another country Question 5 One of the aspects of recruitment listed below is an example of an external labour market. Which is it? Management succession In-house promotion Hiring via a local recruitment agency Job rotation Question 6 HR planning is affected by a variety of factors, including those listed below.However one of them is not a factor in HR planning – select which one this is. Employee Turnover Recruitment and selection Natural Wastage Payroll systems Question 7 Demand forecasting examines what events might occur within an organisation in the future, but amongst the four areas listed below which is not an example of demand forecasting? Downsizing Auditing Expansion Restructuring Question 8 Labour supply is affected by a variety of factors but one of the examples listed below is not a factor. Which is it? Natural wastage Skills mix of labour supply Employment Levels InflationQuestion 9 Calculating employee turnover can be a useful measure of employee engagement and staff retention. One of the examples listed below does not form part of the calculation mentioned in your workbook – which is it? Dismissals Redundancy Retirement Redeployment Question 10 Which of the following IS NOT a cost from recruitment and selection? Induction training Advertising Interviewing time Annual Leave Question 11 Referring back to your workbook, one of the following pieces of legislation has no direct relevance to recruitment. Which is it? Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and 1986The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act, 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Race Relations Act 1976 Question 12 Getting staff to take on extra responsibilities can be difficult without incentives for them, whether they be financial or otherwise. From the following list select which is not a positive incentive for an employee to accept extra responsibilities. Further professional development opportunities Some form of remuneration or salary award You are worried about what your manager will think of you if you do not accept It is part of your CPD/appraisal goalsQuestion 13 Incentive schemes are normally made up of financial and non-financial rewards. Which of the following is an example of a non-financial reward? Performance related pay Commission schemes Flexible working hours End of month/quarter/year bonuses Question 14 You would only be expected to clarify one of the following areas during an interview – which is it? Age Academic qualifications Religious beliefs Marital Status Question 15 Which of the following IS NOT a stage one wou ld expect within the recruitment process? Short list/Short listing Long list/Long listing Telephone interviewOutplacement Question 16 Recruiters and employers use a variety of selection methods to assess candidates. Which of the following would be an inappropriate means to assess a candidate’s skills and abilities? Work presentations Interviewing Psychometric testing Religious beliefs Question 17 The WASP interview structure has four stages but which of the following is not one of them? Welcome Assimilate Supply Part Question 18 Psychometric testing is a popular assessment method for employers when recruiting to a new role. Below are measures that are part of it but one is incorrect – which is it?Objective Standardised Valid Bias Question 19 Which of the following would not form part of an assessment centre? A contingency based interview Written or oral tests In-tray exercises Presentation exercises Question 20 An employee’s job content can be assessed in a vari ety of ways but one of the examples listed below is not one of them. Which is it? On the job observation Work diaries Terms of the contract of employment Job/Work questionnaires Question 21 Listed below are four reasons for employers producing a job description, but one is not correct. Select the INCORRECT statement.To have clear guidance about what is expected of the individual in their role It is a legal requirement To use as a means with which to performance manage staff To help support PDP/development plans Question 22 Which of the following IS NOT information that you would expect to be included in a personal specification? Salary Academic requirements Skills and experience Which elements of the role are essential or desirable Question 23 Effective questioning during an interview can help make an informed judgement about a candidate’s skills and experience.Which of the examples given below is an imaginary questioning technique? Open questioning Probing questioning Coerci ve questioning Reflective questioning Question 24 From the list below can you select which is not an appropriate means with which to assess an applicant’s suitability for a position? Contingency Based questions Contact family members for a reference Assessment centres Obtaining references Question 25 Which of the following IS NOT one of the primary elements of active listening? Comprehending Retaining Disregarding RespondingQuestion 26 Listening is said to have three different levels involved in it, but one of the following options is not one of them. Select the false level. Active listening Peripheral listening Staged listening Attentive listening Question 27 Non verbal communication can take a variety of forms. Referring back to your workbook, which of the following is a means of non-verbal communication? Body language Telephone calls Face to face discussions Public speeches Question 28 Employment references provide information to organisations to assess a candidates suitab ility for a role.Below are listed example of information you would expect to be included in a reference, with one exception – which is it? Length of service Job title List of duties Personal Interests Question 29 Which of the following IS NOT a way in which induction processes can save on costs? Less time other staff members have to spend on training inductees Less money spent on having to constantly re-recruit staff members It can help the new staff member understand the organisation’s culture and work practices more quickly Developing HR Information Systems

A Narrow Escape Essay

This is a true story. It is the story of our narrow escape from sudden death. My brother who is handicapped & myself went to Dadar in Mumbai to visit an Aunt. She lived very near the beach. I was just 15 then & my brother 5. We loved going to the beach but normally always went with our mother or elder sister. On our way back, temptation got the better of us & we came up with the great idea of walking along the beach instead of taking the taxi back home. If we walked along the beach we could get onto the road at the Mahim Fort some distance away from Dadar, from where we could take a taxi to our home. All this seemed fun. We were very excited. My brother totally agreed with my idea. However, we did not tell our aunt about all this, as she might refuse. She thought we were going to take a taxi back home. So off we ran to the beach, once our aunt closed the door. On the beach, we got playing on the sand, making little sand castles, collecting sea shells of all shapes & sizes & time & again dipped our legs in the water enjoying the waves that lashed against the shore. We wrote our names on the sand only to be erased by the coming waves. The tide was coming in but we were blissfully unaware of anything. We enjoyed ourselves thoroughly. We had a great time. We drank coconut water, ate bhel puri & leisurely walked along in the sand. My brother has a paralyzed right hand & walks with a limp. But nothing came in the way of his enjoyment on the beach that day. We splashed water on each other’s faces. I ran and he tried to catch me. We had so much fun. Time passes so quickly when one is happy. Our games continued. We never knew when afternoon turned to evening. It was beginning to get dark now and it was then that we decided to move on. Engrossed in play we had forgotten to look around. We moved ahead slowly, not noticing the tide. We walked on crossing the rocks and boulders. As we moved ahead, at one point, we were shocked to see that we could not go any further as the waters had covered the place ahead. The tide had come suddenly. Gripped with fear we turned back. But to our astonishment the waters behind us had also touched the shore. Now we were left on a small dry patch of land & were surrounded by water on all sides. We could not move forward, nor go back. There was nowhere to go. Now we realized that we had landed ourselves in a great danger. We could see the Mahim Fort some distance away; the waves lashing against it. That was the place from where we had planned to exit. We stood there confused, afraid and shocked. Alas, we found there was no way out. It seemed our mind has stopped working. We were terrified. In desperation we looked around for some way out. Our only hope was a tall wall that was before us & there were huge boulders near the wall. But how could we climb the wall ? It was dark & no one in sight. The water level was increasing and threatening to cover this place too. Everything was happening so fast. We had very little time left with us. My younger brother was frightened and started crying. I tried to console him, but I myself was also much terrified. What next ? It seemed like an impossible situation. Escape seemed more & more difficult. Only God could save us. So we began praying desperately for God to work a miracle & send His angels to save us. I started cursing myself for not being careful. Due to my folly, we had landed in such a terrible situation. We called for help with the hope that someone would be around that high wall. The water came & brushed our feet pulling us backward into the sea. Would we have a watery grave ? The sea which looked so pleasant and beautiful in the day now looked wild and dangerous, eager to devour us. I thought, what will happen to my parents and sister? They will be devastated. Probably, nobody would know about us or find us. But I restrained my thoughts and decided that I must do something. With great effort, I managed to get my brother onto a huge boulder. He was safe, at least for the time being. The water was now rising. It had reached a little above my knees & I clung onto a boulder for dear life. We were shivering with fear, but we did not give up. We shouted for help, but it appeared there was no one to help us. I decided to get my brother across the wall by myself. I picked him up and made a desperate attempt to get him across the wall, but in the process we slipped and he barely managed to prevent the fall from the boulder into the surging water. His legs got a bit hurt and he cried in agony and pain and fear. I realized that on our own, we can never cross that big wall. Now only help from outside could save us, and there seemed to be none. The ever rising water level was making us frightened more and more. In our desperation, we shouted in a chorus for help. Then miracle happened. Suddenly, we saw two men looking from over the wall. They seemed very scary, rugged, rough & tough guys. But I knew that this was help sent from God in answer to our desperate prayers. They were also shocked to see us in that condition. I pleaded with them for help & they were astonished to see us out there almost drowning. At first, they stood there hesitated. They knew that it was dangerous and they had to risk their own lives to help us. But then they decided to come to our aid. It was not an easy task. Time was running out for us. We were drowning but God was with us. The men came down the wall slowly and carefully & along the boulders. One mis-step and they would fall into the water. But, they moved very carefully and finally succeeded in getting hold of my brother & carried him to safety over the wall. I felt a sense of relief & gratitude. I felt tremendous joy to see that my brother was safe and across that wall. For a moment, I forgot that my own life was still in danger. Now I made every conscious effort to climb the boulders. The men were strong and they pulled me up. With their help, I got over the wall. I got some bruises in my hands and legs, but who cares, since we were alive and safe. Once up, they screamed at us for being so careless & warned us never to do this again. We had learnt our lesson. Overwhelmed with gratitude we thanked the men for their timely help & also tried to give them some money. But they refused to accept that. They too were happy that they were able to save us. They had taken a risk to come down the high wall & walk over those boulders which could have given way & caused some more trouble. Those two men, appeared to be rough guys, but for us, they were like angels, who came as if from nowhere, and saved us from a certain death. They were kind and risked their own lives to save us. The men then stopped a taxi for us. We thanked them once again and hoped to meet them sometimes. We got into the taxi and reached home. Scared & terrified by what we had just experienced we looked like old turkey buzzards. We were wet and bruised, and heaved sigh of relief that we had reached home safely. We narrated all the events to our parents. They were speechless and could not believe what we said. At first they were angry & upset and scolded us for our carelessness, but also happy to see us safe. My mother cried and hugged us and made us promise never to repeat this mistake ever again. We praised & thanked God together for saving our lives. It felt so nice to be back to safety in our home with our parents. All this seemed like a miracle. We could not believe that we had been through a near catastrophe. It was indeed a very narrow escape. This is a lesson for all children who venture on the beach to be alert & watch the tide coming in & come back to safety in good time. Luck may not always be on our side. Rather one should be careful and avoid taking unnecessary risks. Life is precious and one should not waste it by sheer negligence. We got our lesson that day. A Narrow Escape Essay I wake up from my sleep in the class and made a loud screeching sound with my chair. Everyone attention is now at me. I go out of the class since my History teacher was absence today. I climb the stairs heading to the rooftop. I sit at a corner and thinking about the same nightmare that I kept dreaming these days. One day, I went out of the house to hang out with my best friend, Nuha. I waited her at a cafà © where we usually talked nonsense. I started to get bored so I fished out my phone and played games. After 30 minutes waiting, there still no presence of her. I quickly got out of the cafà © and decided to go back home. I messaged her that I left the cafà © and going back home. While I was walking down the street, I felt a presence of someone behind me. The street was empty except me and that person. I quickened my pace as negative thoughts were getting in my mind. I turned to face the person. He wore a black scarf covered half of his face. I felt really scared and I ran anywhere as I could. I only wished one thing that I’ll find a crowded place later. As I reached a busy road, I can still feel that person is trailing behind me. I ran towards the road without thinking of anything. Suddenly, there was a horn and screeching sound from every direction. I stopped at the middle of the road and covered my ear. I opened my eyes and I saw a blue van coming towards my direction. I just thought that my life will be ended anytime by now. A few moments later, I didn’t feel anything. Slowly I opened my eyes and saw a blue van was just right in front of me. It really was a narrow escape. Then, I can’t think anything and everything went black.

The traditional material known as aluminum

The traditional material known as aluminum is often too soft to meet the requirements of certain applications, especially when considering aeronautic applications. These structural demanding applications thereby require the making of aluminum alloys which are structurally tough materials. Aluminum alloys are made to increase mechanical strength, increase corrosion resistance of the material, and thus increase overall shock survivability of the material (Subodh, K. D. , 2007).Here, we are concerned with Aluminum alloys 2024 and 7075 which are particularly used in aircraft structures, and aerospace applications. The review presents the similarities and differences of each material with regards to their chemistry, processing, and heat treatment measures. Aluminum 2024 The aluminum 2024 was first introduced in 1931, and was available as an alclad sheet and plate forms. Due to its high corrosion resistance, the material is often used in areas of an aircraft where fatigue resistance and st rength are required. Those areas include fuselage, wings, shear webs, and ribs of an aircraft.As an alloy, aluminum 2024 is made up of several materials among which are aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and silicon. Such a composition gives the ending material adequate mechanical and thermal properties demanded for aircraft structural components. However, the material is also used for truck wheels, screw machine products, scientific instruments, and orthopedic equipment. Overall, the aluminum 2024 material may be used in any application where there is a need for high strength to weight ration materials, and/or structures.

Online Relationships

Online Relationships Cyberspace relationships have the advantages of time, distance depletion, and fantasy abilities (Suler). Internet users can take on different identities or take part in fantasy games. They can become someone else. James Katz and Philip Aspen report that the Internet is a place to make friends and stay in touch with far away relatives (Stoll). It makes distance disappear. Also, online a person is given time before they must respond to the other person (Suler).They are given the opportunity to better articulate themselves in writing. It is also possible to store conversations with friends on-line (Suler). Sometimes face to face relationships are hard to make. It’s easier for a shy or awkwardly social person to use the internet to make friends. With all of these social advantages, why are there still many lonely Internet users? â€Å"Paradoxically, the Internet is a social technology used for communication, yet it results in declining social involvement and psychological well-being† (Stoll).There is a large gap between people we can touch and people we can onl†¦ heheheheheh eheh jajb ladjbas hbdfhS HDFBASUB LBFHAB SBDFLABSH CLABHK SCVBKBVKHS FVERBVKDSBFU NVA ;V ASK;VAS GBKV RHK VKJ VUIBKJ; SKJVB; V;KEVKJERVIUOVUER HA HA HA HA HA HA AHA HAHA HA A HAHA AHAHA AHJAH AHA AHA A AHAH A AHA A A HA AHA AH AHAHAA HA A AHA HA AHAH KG GTJT NENE EJSD S SMS DC KJFJ G GKGNMF SDN SNSNKSKSW SWKE EKOEOKE W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W WE

China's Economic Growth Appraisal through the Solow Model Research Paper

China's Economic Growth Appraisal through the Solow Model - Research Paper Example The short term implications include policy measures such as tax cuts as well as subsidies on investment that could affect the steady state levels of output but not the growth in the longer run. Furthermore the growth is affected in the shorter run only because the economy converges to newer steady state levels of output. In addition the rates of growth of the economy as the economy converges to a steady state are determined by the rate of capital accumulation alone. The rate of capital accumulation is the determined using the savings rate as well the overall depreciation of capital. In contrast the long term implications of the Solow model imply that the long term rate of growth can be determined exogenously only. A common method of predicting implies that an economy will tend to converge towards a steady state rate of growth depending only on the rate of labor force growth and the rate of technological progress. The Solow model accommodates for higher saving rates producing higher growth rates much like older models but it appreciates technological innovation more in the longer run compared to accumulation of capital. The key assumption of the Solow growth model is that the involved capital is subject to the law of diminishing returns within a closed economy. Mathematically the Solow model is represented through the interaction between five macroeconomic equations for GDP, change in capital, the macro production function, savings and changes in the workforce. These functions can be represented mathematically as below (Haines). Function Mathematical Expression M acro-production Function Savings Function Changes in Capital Changes in Workforce Where:  is the total production of the economy  is the multifactor productivity or technology  is the capital  is the labor  is the savings  portion of total production which represents savings  is the depreciation  is the net growth rate  is the time 2. China’s Growth as per the Solow Model The Solow model has been used extensively in various forms in order to decipher national growth in the longer run utilizing exogenous perspectives. The basic key assumption remains the same as above which is the diminishing returns of the capital within a closed economy model. Moreover the textbook Solow model relies on exogenous rates for capital accumulation, technological progress and population growth. The overall economic growth in the longer run is estimated exogenously through relying on the rate of technological progress as stipulated in the discussion above. However the basic textb ook Solow model cannot reliably predict economic growth so it is often augmented with structural terms. This text will not deal with the derivation of the Solow model’s mathematical implications as it is beyond the scope of this text but instead it will report on the primary equations utilized for the Solow model. The derivation for the mathematical expressions used in the Solow model can be retrieved from various economics studies relating the Solow model to economic growth (Ding and Knight) (Temple and Wobmann). Based on these researches the primary equations in use are: The equations listed above accommodate for structural changes, efficiency of the economy, changes in labor patterns, technological changes as well as residuals required for convergence. The model listed above was used along with panel data from a variety of sources such as PWT (Penn World Table), WDI (World Bank Development Indicators), and FAO

Telecommunications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Telecommunications - Essay Example Nevertheless information is also important to economic activities, ranging from agriculture to manufacturing and services. If information is significant to advancement, then telecommunications, as a way of sharing information is not only a relationship between people, although a connection in the sequence of the advancement processes itself. The role of telecommunications in broadcasting information can be predominantly important in rural regions where other methods of acquiring and transmission information for instance personal contact, transport, and postal services are expected to be less available. Distance signifies time, in an all the time more time-conscious world. In economies that rely forcefully upon agriculture or the mining of resources, remoteness from urban markets has usually been improved only with the setting up of enhanced transportation facilities, usually roads. Nevertheless transportation links leave industries without the availability of information which is becoming ever more important for production and marketing of their products. Yet another difficulty experienced by many developing countries is economic field. As they endeavor to expand their economies, judicious availability of information becomes especially significant. In the demand of physical goods and amenities, rural areas could only vie across obstacles of distance and geography if they had a natural resource advantage. Telecommunications is also critical to the rising information fields in developing areas. In the areas of information goods and services, dependable telecommunications infrastructure can make geography and distance immaterial. For instance, the National Research Council reveals that for Africa, where populations and economic activities continue mostly rural-based, sharing information is crucial if Africans are to contribute to finding solutions to their own development problems: "Economic development in Africa will depend heavily on the development of the information sector. Countries will need the ability to communicate efficiently with local and overseas markets to determine where they many have comparative advantages for supplying their products to consumers or to purchase essential imports, based on current prices and services. Many of the economic development problems facing African countries have scientific and technological components that will require solutions to be developed in Africa by African scientists.... Lack of information is a critical constraint" (National Research Council, 1990). In the past several years, the role of telecommunications in the development process has acquired extensive focus. The ITU performed a series of analyses starting with a literature research, followed by a series of case studies on different developmental applications of telecommunications, which were summed up in Telecommunications for Development (1983). Other case studies were compiled in Information, Telecommunications, and Development (1986). The ITU's Maitland Commission pointed at the significance of telecommunica

Book Report on Intelligent Design by William A. Dembski Essay

Book Report on Intelligent Design by William A. Dembski - Essay Example This characteristic trademark or signature is called specified complexity. An event shows specified complexity if it is complex, not likely to be repeated by chance. For example, when someone throws blocks of ABC’s on the table, sometimes words will occur, but not likely to form words every time. Intelligent Design believes that the odds of the Big Bang Theory getting it right the first time is highly improbable. Intelligence is shown in every aspect of life in the universe, not randomness. Dembski believes that if the Big Bang Theory was a probable theory, then chaos would ensue. Time does erode what was once intelligently designed. Dembski gave an example of a car. Time rusts and deteriorates cars, but they were designed by engineers. Just because time has eroded the earth, does not mean that in the beginning it was not intelligently designed. Dembski backs up his views with other authors, including evolution advocates. He presents his theories in a concise manner. III. What was the purpose of the book/seminar? For whom was it intended? This book was written to inform people about an alternative to the Big Bang Theory, more specifically the Intelligent Design theory. This book was intended for students, Christians, and anyone else wanting to believe in a higher power that created the universe. This book is for people who want a reason to believe in God. IV. In your judgment, what were some of the strengths and weaknesses of the book/seminar? The strengths of this argument are the examples shown in the book. The use of other authors’ works to show his theory is correct could be a strength. His reasoning was sound. The weakness in the book was the opposition of the whole scientific community. There is really no proof for any theory about the creation of the universe that is why they are theories and not facts. V. How was the book/seminar helpful to you? What did you learn from the book/seminar? I learned that there are options to

Chinese Economy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Chinese Economy - Assignment Example During this period the trade regime comprised of central planning that was generally a Residual category with respect to domestic capacity. Post-reform and pre-WTO: This was also called dual trade regime. There was devaluation of currency from $1 which was equivalent to 1.4 Yuan to 1 dollar being equivalent to 8.7 Yuan, this was a around 1994.Expoters were allowed to keep percentage of foreign exchange In 1996 there was current account convertibility. Dual track was advantageous in the following ways, in that the new sector benefit whereas the old sector is not hurt. Free market was also introduced and did not interfere with the existing old sector. Post-World Trade Organization. During this period there was tariff reduction and also removal of non-tariff barriers that included quotas, licensing and quantitative restrictions. Major services included telecommunication with advent of internet provision; there were also financial services and professional services like consultancy and a ccounting. 2. How did the dual-track foreign exchange market work? How did the dual-track in Foreign trade work? This period was majorly between 1986 and 1993.It involved: a) Currency devaluation from one dollar which was equivalent 1.4 Yuan to one dollar being equivalent to 8.7 Yuan in 1994. The devaluation of currency was encouraged to promote the number of exports. ... The Chinas foreign reserve by 2006 was over one trillion dollars which was more than a year’s import. d) In this period there was duty free and many processing zones were created, there were witnessed tax holidays for some specific industries to steer their growth. e) Little interference was witnessed and also free duty on goods purchased for the purpose of making export goods .Other countries that did the same were Island in India Ocean and Mauritius. f) The period experiences an increase in the no. of trade in terms of international firms. In general the exporters were in insulated against the forever world trade in general. 3. Why a dual-track instead of a single-track? Use the examples in foreign exchange and foreign trade to explain the advantages and disadvantages of a dual-track Dual track referred to coexistence of two coordination mechanisms (plan and market) and not to the coexistence of two ownership systems the dual-track system allowed state firms to transact and cooperate with non state firms, allowing valuable flexibility. But the growing importance of collective, private, and foreign-invested firms should be considered. It implied two tier pricing system for most goods. The greatest advantages of the dual as opposed to single track were that there was the introduction of free trade. In this system there were tax holidays that further encouraged more foreign investments. In respect to this the dual was evidently better than one single track system that was not as economically viable because single track meant the entire economy was planned. Planned economy in a way reduced investments and discouraged free trade. 4. Why is there a huge discrepancy

My Position on the FDA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Position on the FDA - Essay Example While debates continue, on risks associated with the GMO use to human health, questions continue to arise as to whether FDA should take action in assessing the risks of these foods, in isolation and separately from GM foods and require labeling of food items, to have consumers informed, about the presence of GM ingredients, to enable them to make purchase decisions accordingly. I strongly feel that FDA played a significant role in approving the GMO for the reasons that thorough research and testing is done to ensure that these products are safe for both human and animal consumption. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States is charged with a number of duties and one of such is protection of the public health through assuring the efficiency, safety and security of medical devices, cosmetics, biological products, food supply together with human and veterinary drugs. FDA is a federal agency that deals with the regulation of GMO products among other agencies, which include the United States Department of Agriculture (â€Å"USDA†) and the Environmental Protection Agency (â€Å"EPA†). The FDA policy leaves the duty of ensuring food safety entirely to the manufacturer or producer. So the company to assert the safety of an item meant for consumption and not any independent review team. The health of the prospective consumers will, therefore, be left at the mercy of companies or manufacturers that could just be interested in maximizing turnover while treating with little regard the need for the GMO foods to meet certain health standards. The FDA guidance to industry issued in 1997 did cover voluntary consultation procedures, though it still depended, upon the product’s developer, to offer safety data. At present, there is no regulatory scheme for the GM foods to confirm their safety for human consumption. There is an increasing use of chemical herbicides, which are poisonous and engineered particularly for killing plant life.  

Letter Requesting university to allow the reenrolment of the student Essay

Letter Requesting university to allow the reenrolment of the student who has failed the subject twice - Essay Example The only excuse for me is that there are great differences between educational standards of two counties and organization of the education process. During the first year of study, things were really different for me: I was deprived friends and family support. I had no one to give a piece of advice and emotionally support me. Within my class, I did not have a true friend to analyze and compare my educational progress and achievements. My life resembled a snow ball: one problem caused another problem, etc. It seemed reasonable to expect that there would be cross-cultural differences in homework preferences similar to learning style preferences. But I learnt the same way as I had taught it in my native country. I am grateful to Professor Antony who directs and supports me in my professional growth and career development. Professor Antony advised me to work with a construction company as an architect in order to improve my academic results and skills. On holidays, I went back to my home country, India, and worked under an architect office for two months. During this period, I worked hard on my weak areas due to which I was facing academic difficulties. I understand that there is growing need for highly trained staff specialists, as well as for architects to coordinate the work and construction projects. I am very serious about my career and this year is crucial and precious time for me. I ask you for a chance to continue education and develop strong personal skills and values important in my profession. Every vocation has its peculiar satisfactions and frustrations, when considered from the viewpoint of routines and rewards. If you give me a chance to re-enrol, I will take into account all my weak areas and previous problems: 1) my attendance is going to be 100%; 2) at least a week before or 4 days before, I will complete my submissions and show them to the tutor for his review; 3) as I already mentioned, I have worked on my weaknesses so I will not have any difficulties during this course; 4) by now, I am very comfortable with Australian cultural environment, and therefore will be making more friends within a class with whom I can compare my work and progress; 5) instead of working at home for my submissions, I will work on studio or cad so I can mix with other students and can compare my progress. In order to meet the challenge, it is important to compare your progress with other students. This plan will come true only if I could get your support at this last year of my studies. If still I find I am not suitable for this course I will withdraw from the course myself. From time to time, all of us have some difficulties and problems in our life and we really need a helping hand to solve these issues. In difficult life situation, every person needs a chance to prove his professional and personal strengths. This year was a real trial for me, but I achieved personal and professional growth. Please re-enrol me to prove I am a worthy student of the University. Please give me a helping hand at this difficult period in my

Tort Law - differences between the principles of negligence and strict Essay

Tort Law - differences between the principles of negligence and strict liability - Essay Example Although this notion of liability was not quickly recognised, by the early nineteenth century, it came to be recognised that one could claim damages for negligent or wilful conduct of another contrary to law as held in Ansell v Waterhouse 1. Historical development But this was confined to a few well recognised factual situations wherein a duty had been assumed to exist. Complications arose when defendant acted in pursuance of contractual obligation. Hence, by early nineteenth century, a party to a contract could sue another party for breach of tortious duty mandated by law. Thus, it began to be recognised that a stranger to a contract could sue for damages or injury caused due to negligent conduct in the execution of a contract. For example, pedestrian being injured due to negligence of coachman. Duty existing between manufacturers, suppliers and consumers who are bound by a chain of contracts also came to be recognised in due course. Originally plaintiff could only claim under his c ontract and was barred to claim under contract he was not a party to. This meant that each of the party had to protect its own rights through separate warranties under their respective contracts. Early cases have dealt with manufacturers’/suppliers’ liability for defective goods or equipment supplied. It was often questioned whether a plaintiff not being a party to the initial contract of sale or supply could claim the warranty benefit promised by the manufacturer or suppler2. Negligence In Winterbottom v Wright3, question arose whether the plaintiff could claim for injury sustained by him due to the defendant’s negligent driving of the coach the former had hired under a contract with the Post Master General. Three judges gave opinions favouring the defendant holding that there was no privity of contract between the plaintiff and the defendant as otherwise there would be endless stream of claims coming from strangers. It is argued that the stand taken by the thr ee judges is at odds given that a pedestrian could claim from the defendant for any injury sustained by him due to negligent driving of the defendant coachman. Therefore, negligence claims have to satisfy the following the criteria. 1. The defendant must owe a duty of care towards the claimant (plaintiff). 2. That duty has been breached by the defendant. 3. The breach of the defendant has resulted in loss or damage to the claimant. 4. The loss sustained through defendant‘s negligence is not too remote or is within the scope his duty.4 Three-stage test In order to avoid frivolous claims, a three stage test was prescribed by the House of Lords in Caparo v Dickman 5 by effectively recasting the neighbourhood principle originally enunciated by Lord Atkin in Donoghue v Stevenson6, the three stage-test being 1) foreseeability of harm or loss, 2) sufficiency of proximity of relationship between the parties to the dispute, and 3) justness, fairness and reasonableness of imposing duty on the defendant/injurer in all circumstances. Thus, in Caparo, the auditors Dickman were held not liable to the claimant Caparo for their misstatement in the audited accounts of profits as ? 1. 3 m instead of an actual loss of ? 465,000 relating to Fidelity Plc. The House of Lords reasoned that auditors had no